Clocks in the Vasculature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Checks in the Vasculature - Essay Example A model is mammalian rest beat or yearning, and its is currently notable that there is a light-controlled ace check in the cerebrum that controls these exercises. Presently the examination is investigating the sub-atomic components of these checks in the fringe tissues, which have been hypothesized to work through supplement accessibility, despite the fact that the specific system isn't known. heart which is basically vascular tissue. This action physiologically is self-sufficient, beginning in the neurocardiac muscles of the heart and in wellbeing, happens 72 times each moment in a standard manner. In most and common cases, individuals can't control the recurrence of these beats all alone. In any case, a few neurophysiological conditions can cause change in this example and there is built up jobs of feeling, emotions, arduous exercises, worry in destabilizing this clock either to a higher or a lower rate, and there are physiological frameworks that will in general bring back these strange rates to typical through neural and humoral systems. Little atoms interface with sub-atomic hormone receptors module circadian cadence. Catecholamines, vasoactive hormones, for example, vasopressin and angiotensin interface with positive circadian controllers both midway and at the fringe vascular tissues to communicate circadian varieties in pulses, circulatory strain, and vascular opposition (Harris, 2009). Hereditary Mechanism Curtis et al. (2004) showed the atomic component of this clock. This happens through pacemaker rhythms produced and continued through positive and negative criticism circles. These thusly are interceded through transcriptional guideline at the hereditary level (Curtis et al. 2004). Sub-atomic Mechanism The drivers of this natural and sub-atomic rhythmicity are transcriptional initiation of Per and Cry qualities. These happen through transcriptional actuation of input circle by heterodimeric bHLH-PAS proteins. It has been indicated that these trascriptional coactivators and histone acetyltransferase start the key occasions in sub-atomic rhythmicity. These, p300/CBP, PCAF, and ACTR, respond with bHLH-PAS proteins, CLOCK and NPSA2, to prompt positive quality articulation (Ko and Takahashi, 2006). Connection to Vasculature The negative input circle is intervened by Cry2 interceded restraint of NPAS2:BMAL1 through overexpression of p300. This prompts a circadian and time-subordinate relationship with NPAS2 in the vasculature, which is coordinated in such a way, that it will go before the pinnacle articulation of the objective qualities (Westgate et al., 2008). In this way, at the atomic level this is basically a histone H3 acetylation. It has been corresponded with the recurrent articulation of the mRNAs

Argumentative Essay On Racism In America Example For Students

Pugnacious Essay On Racism In America Bigotry in America RACISM IN AMERICA If somebody asked you what it resembles to live ideally, how might you answer? Numerous individuals may state something like, A spot without and contentions or battling. Others may state A spot where there isn't contamination. However, has anybody one at any point thought to state, A spot without bigotry. ? For certain Americans, prejudice has never at any point entered their thoughts. For other people, it is something they need to live with regular. In certain social orders in America, prejudice isnt even a factor, all residents of the network get along. In any case, in different social orders, prejudice is a case that could be perilous. Prejudice, in definition, is the conviction that humankind is separated into delineated hereditarily various socks called races; as indicated by its disciples racial contrasts make one gathering better than another. (Morals; Walker, Randolph Meade, 722) If you are a supremacist, you have faith in prejudice. Racists will frequently guarantee that individuals from their own race or minority are intellectually, truly, ethically and additionally socially better than those of different races. (The World Book Encyclopedia; Pettigrew, Thomas F. , 62) For these reasons, numerous racists think they merit exceptional rights or benefits. The Bill of Rights was composed a little under 200 years back, yet controlling prejudice in America is as yet an errand nobody can appear to over take. In South Carolina, a Confederate banner despite everything waves high over the legislative center for the viewing pleasure of anyone passing by. Is the sort of model we need to set for the young people of America? To individuals in Europe, Asia, and on different mainlands, America is a magnificent spot to live. It has been supposed to be probably the best country on earth. (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) Yet, our battle to direct the entirety of our residents is a progressive war that presently can't seem to and likely will never be won. Bondage is supposed to be one of the best racial disasters to ever occur in America. Upon the passageway of this new millenium, servitude and prejudice is as yet rehearsed in America. White Americans have their progenitors to fault for the scorn and outrage they have in their souls concerning races not quite the same as theirs. What is supposed to be the undeniable right to uniformity and extreme opportunity (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) has been squashed for some, by the uncited numbness of my finely taught individuals. Racists regularly need somebody to fault for an inappropriate doings, disdain and ineptitude in America. Who preferred to fault over somebody with skin of an alternate shading? Bigotry is simply one more type of preference. On the off chance that an individual or gathering of individuals acts or dresses in an unexpected way, these individuals may get doubted or abandoned. Numerous individuals don't perceive the great characteristics that another gathering have. White Americans are the principle chiefs of bigotry against ethnic minority gatherings. Most white Americans are ignorant of how foolish bigotry can be. (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) Does America need an AWAKENING? Would it do any great? If you somehow managed to place yourself in the shoes of an African American, an American Indian, a Puerto Ricanyou may state that American is in clear a significant make-over concerning all races. Two white understudies were suspended for ambushing African American understudies at Millard High School in Omaha, Neb. Furthermore, a third white understudy was undermined by different whites for partner with the schools 25 blacks. (CQ Researcher; Phillips, Susan, 3) Are you prepared for that make-over? Many white understudies, for instance, accept that blacks currently have equivalent access to an advanced degree.. . (CQ Researcher; Phillips, Susan, 4) Or do you think everybody is over responding on this entire issue? A main problem a few people have, concerns the police and columnists. Correspondents frequently utilize the terms affirmed executing and claimed prejudice in their segments. Since when has a decapitation been known as whatever else other than murder. .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .postImageUrl , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:hover , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:visited , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:active { border:0!important; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:active , .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc f7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucf7ee4a324a4a3d8f8a8fdbe1a87a346:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Plato's Idea of the Tripartite Soul Essay..you dont inadvertently guillotine somebody.. . (Media Watch; Boyce, Kesha) With the police examining whether this is a detest wrongdoing or not has made numerous non-racists and African Americans very irate. Since when has two white men drenching a dark man with fuel and setting him ablaze not been a despise wrongdoing.. . (Media Watch; Boyce, Kesha) I simply need you to know, as you are wrapping up this report-I didn't compose it to alter your perspective or make you one-sided somehow toward bigotry. I simply needed make you fully aware of a portion of the upsetting things going on in your incredible country, and perhaps directly in your own back yard, at your childs school, even in your work environment. Shootings happen ordinary, however executions dont. In the event that this should be the year when America and everyone should reconsider the issues of racethen what the hell is going on (Media Watch; Boyce, Kesha) Are your eyes open wide?

How to Make Money Curating Content

How to Make Money Curating Content Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!How to Make Money Curating ContentUpdated On 10/06/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2XBqQkL CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogNow more than ever, an unprecedented amount of content can be found online that covers every topic known to humanity. This immense availability of information can make it easy to find out what you need to know in some respects â€" but it can also be daunting and exhausting in others. Namely, finding all relevant information within a sea of information can discourage the average reader or user from looking too deeply into a particular topic or subject.This is where the concept of content curation comes in handy. As more brands and bloggers are seeking to take advantage of the practice, some are finding it to be a very lucrative endeavor. As such, lets take a look at what content curation entails and how you can make money doing it.What Is Content Curation?The term may not be immediately intuitive, but content curation serves an important purpose. In short, content curation revolves around scouring the internet for specific, existing pieces of content that provide value to an audience and then aggregating them in one place. There are blogs and websites alike that provide content curation services â€" and even websites where users do the curating by voting on its value (like Reddit and Digg).Other common examples of content curation include RSS feeds and mash-ups in the form of blog posts. As the practice can take many forms, there are a variety of opportunities through which everyday people can begin curating content and earning money from it.1. Showcase ReviewsThe internet is filled with opinions on just about everything. When shopping for new products and services, many will seek the input of others. This input can be invaluable in many ways â€" and those who do a good job at curating product and service reviews can generate a substantial amount of income.Some people focus on providing curated reviews for one or more particular niches, in the form of landing pages, blogs and other useful platforms. Others may build entire review platforms that cover a plethora of topics and niches; UpgradedReviews.com curates an assortment of user reviews that cover many unique topics and shopping sectors.READDigital Marketing Certification â€" A brilliant way to spur your career forward2. Provide Relevant NewsAs the internet is primarily a place for information, many successful content curators have found profit by providing audiences with the latest news and stories. As already mentioned, user-driven platforms such as Reddit sort curated content based on an audiences belief in its value. Likewise, similar platforms driven by the bloggers and webmasters themselves can provide multiple sources of income.One such example is ad revenue, which can generate passive income without requiring direct sales or hard asks from an audience. However, providing a variety of premium benefits and perks to your readers in exchange for a paid subscription can be yet another method for generating revenue through such news platforms. Additionally, arrangements with specific websites and brands that promote their content in your feeds in exchange for a one-time or recurring payment can help further generate revenue through the endeavor.3. Other Specific MethodsRegardless of the type of content curation you decide to do, there are specific actions you can take and functions you can implement to generate money in the process. As mentioned above, ad placements, premium subscriptions and sponsored posts all can be great ways to generate revenue.In addition to those methods, promoting affiliate products, direct solicitations in the form of contribution asks and email marketing can also deliver impressive financial results. Some brands â€" once big enough â€" even sell merchandise and build community forums to further increase profitability.As more and more people look into content curation, the playing field will continue to become more competitive. As such, those interested in earning money via the practice should act now; through the above-mentioned methods, everyday people can quickly begin building platforms that showcase and highlight relevant content to audiences â€" and get paid for doing so!

Marketing - 1467 Words

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Case Study 1 (20%) Due Week 5 |BEO 6501 Quantitative Analysis |Semester 2, 2014 | Part A (5) Drink-At-Home, Inc. Drink-At-Home, Inc. (DAH, Inc.), develops, processes, and markets mixes to be used in nonalcoholic cocktails and mixed drinks for home consumption. Mrs. Lee, who is in charge of research and development at DAH, Inc., this morning notified Mr. Dick Jones, the president, that exciting developments in the research and development section indicate that a new beverage, an instant pina colada, should be possible because of a new way to process and preserve coconut. Mrs. Lee is recommending a major†¦show more content†¦Mr. Besnette provided Table 1. Mr. Besnettes figures did not include (1) cost of research and development, (2) cost of new production equipment, or (3) cost of introducing the pina colada. The cost of the new production equipment is expected to be $ 100,000 because of the special way the coconut needs to be handled, and the cost of introducing the new product is expected to be about $150,000 because of the point-of purchase displays that would be necessary to introduce the new product. Mrs. Lee has indicated that she does have alternative development proposals, which are: 1. A reduced research program to see someone else comes out with the product first and if not, then proceed with a crash program. The reduced program for the first eight months would cost $10,000 per month. One advantage of this is that if the effort was unsuccessful, then development costs would be held to the eight-month figure (8 months Ãâ€" $ 10,000 = $80,000). The likelihood of success under this approach is the same as the more orderly development. (The likelihood of a competing company developing a product in 8 months is 60 percent.) The crash development program would take place in months 9 through 12 and would cost an additional $60,000. It would proceed only if the eight-month study guaranteed a success. 2. Use a reduced research program and maintain an awareness of industry developments to see if someone else develops a product. If someone else has developed a productShow MoreRelatedMa rketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy and create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the proce ssed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (AMA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Functions Of Marketing And Marketing1229 Words   |  5 Pagestrends, the marketing function is used as a measure in the business-to-business practice, to capture and place varied products in a market place (Kono, 2004). A typical market function provides details regarding the planning, information, product distribution, consumer support, risk taking, financing, and standardization and grading amongst other things (Makloof and Sundberg, 2006). In business a market function acts in respect to the corporate marketing, strategic marketing, field marketing and analysisRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing And Marketing1413 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPT Marketing is an act of promoting and selling products or a service, this also includes marketing research and advertising. The marketing concept is the philosophy used by companies to analyse the needs of their customers so they can be better than the competition. As well as this they must also take into consideration the companies capabilities and the environment it is working in, as they can face the pressures of environmental changes. By using the marketing concept companiesRead MoreMarketing Orientation : Marketing And Marketing1450 Words   |  6 Pages A wide range of companies today prefer to adopt the marketing orientated approach to sell their new products rather than using product orientation before.In fact,marketing orientation also helps such companies to earn more profits in the long time.According to Jobber and Ellis Chadwick (2013),marketing orientation focuses on customers need as the primary drivers of organizational performance.However,this is not always the case. Product orientation still be used by some senior executives and thisRead MoreMarketing : Marketing And Relationship Marketing Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating Marketing With the shift in the external marketing environments, Apple has also shifted its marketing strategy. It personalizes marketing through experiential marketing and relationship marketing. â€Å"Experiential marketing promotes a product by not only communicating a product’s features and benefits but also connecting it with unique and interesting consumer experiences† (Strategic Brand Management, P. 181). Customers can easily experience a sense of community every time they walk in intoRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1770 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Marketing? A plethora of individuals seem to be misinformed about marketing. Several of these individuals believe that marketing is just advertising. Others will tell you that marketing is all about sales, insinuating that all marketers are just salesmen. Now these beliefs are both right and wrong. â€Å"How can they both be right and wrong at the same time?† you may be asking yourself. Well they are right, because marketing encompasses both advertising and sales. They are both wrong by assumingRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Marketing And Marketing1001 Words   |  5 PagesIn The cutting edge world of marketing dated back in the late 1950s, the four Ps were called the marketing mix, meaning that a marketing plan is a mix of four components. A company who has adopted 4P approach focuses on product, whereas company who has adopted the value approach focuses on value to the consumer. One of other marketing mix is the Value approach. This approach concentrates on delivering value to the consumers or customers, the 4Ps approach is evidently concentrated not on customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Marketing research is the process that associates the consumers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information — information used to classify and describe marketing prospects and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and development understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research identifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements

Why The Trade Show Is Kuwait International Fair As A First...

Introduction As a Director of Marketing and Research in Rona Faucets Company, I recommend to do the trade show in Kuwait International Fair as a first step to move into the international business. Our company products such as Bathroom and Kitchen faucets will be displayed in The Big 5 Kuwait 2015 trade show. This report illustrates the rationale for selecting Kuwait as the trade show location for the Rona Faucets Company and in addition, it briefly explains about the execution strategy, budget, and advertising and promotion methods in the Kuwait trade show. The Big 5 Kuwait The Big 5 Kuwait is the largest and best attended building and construction event in Kuwait. By exhibiting in this trade show, our company has a chance of tapping into†¦show more content†¦Our company will have an added edge if we make the right move now and it will help us to capture the wealthy market. This new show runs alongside The Big 5 and will focus on interior fit-out products. That means it will cover everything from bathrooms and kitchens, to the individual products and materials that are necessary to create original interior designs and fit outs. The other reasons for choosing The Big 5 Kuwait International Fair is that, the country has a large, modern, exhibition facility readymade to host exhibitions of all sizes, as well as present conference events. Kuwait s economy too has a significant influence. The country has the highest budget surplus as a percentage of GDP of any Gulf state - at 25 percent - and this budget is earmarked for spending on housing, infrastructure and healthcare. This creates huge opportunities for exhibitions and conferences that address these subjects (Mellor, 2015). But our experience is telling us there is a huge demand and enthusiasm from local businesses. Business leaders at all levels in

Guns, Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies by...

Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond is an outstanding book about how different societies changed developmentally through time. Diamond tells readers about how many societies developed faster than others and how wealth and power spread throughout different regions of the continents. Wealth was spread unevenly because many societies had less technological advances or developed after another society. Diamond uses a question and answer approach to answers questions about society and the changes many of the societies went through during the Neolithic revolution. Diamond provides a realistic explanation of the development of different societies and different†¦show more content†¦Diamond uses the Darwinism approach to explore the theory of human existence as he explained how humans evolved from apes and then later evolved into humans, which gives readers a perspective on the Darwinism theory. After Diamond discuss the Darwinism theory, he goes on t o state how five continents developed and talks about the settlement of the first people. Austria and New Guinea were one of the first places humans occupied. Australia and New Guinea were not settled until the last Great Leap Forward (44). When the leap forward occurred humans started to live in in Australia and New Guiana which were a joined continent at the time because ocean levels were low. New Guiana and Australia were one of the most developed continents before the creation of other continents. Diamond argues that Australia and New Guinea had the earliest watercrafts in the world, and many were creating paintings as early as the Cro-Magnons in Europe and Australia. New Guinea had the power to develop faster than all the other continents, but environmental factors took place causing the downfall of the two. As Diamond refers to New Guinea and Australia, he also refers to the discovery of the Americas and the first colonization. He then discusses the discovery of Eurasia as a single continent. Because Antarctica was not discovered until the 19th century, Diamond chose to omit Antarctica. Readers learn that there was an extinction of large animals throughout the continents such as AustraliaShow MoreRelatedGuns and Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Society by Jared Diamond 1621 Words   |  7 Pagesnot develop agriculture. Diamond formulates this into a question about food origination and when it arose on certain continents (94). It is also stated that there are many global inequalities that Diamond calls the HAVES and HAVES–NOTS. This leads readers to think about Yali’s question regarding New Guiana. Many people had farm power and many did not until several years later or did not have farm power at all because of the environmental and ecological issues in that society like climate. This leadsRead MoreThe s People, Jared Diamond s Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human Societies1634 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Andrews AP World History II, Period 7, August 20151 In Chapter 15, â€Å"Yali’s People,† of Jared Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, the author explains that although Native Australians showed a head start with some early technology, they were soon conquered by Europe. Diamond goes on to explain why and how Australia and New Guinea became to be seen as â€Å"backward† states. Diamond explains that although there was a rise in population due to the development of agricultureRead More In Praise of Jared Diamonds Guns, Germs, and Steel Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn Praise of Jared Diamonds Guns, Germs, and Steel Jared Diamonds bestseller Guns, Germs, and Steel (GGS) is an attempt to explain why some parts of the world are currently powerful and prosperous while others are poor. Diamond is both a physiologist and a linguist who spends a good deal of his time living with hunter gathers in Papua New Guinea. As a researcher and as a human being, he is convinced that all people have the same potential. Hunter gatherers are just as intelligent, resourcefulRead MoreGuns Germs And Steel Summary955 Words   |  4 PagesJared Diamond’s theory of global differences in his book entitled â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel† is the result of geography and climate and not human differences such as race and culture. Jared Diamond is a biology professor at the University of California. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. While studying birds in Papua New Guinea he was asked the question of â€Å" Why you white men have so much cargoRead More Gus germs and steel Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGus germs and steel 1. Yali asks Diamond, â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed sp much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own.† 2. Jared Diamond’s thesis seems to be that external factors such as geography can affect the fate of human societies. In other words, what separates the winners from the losers is geography. Chapter 1 1. â€Å"The Great Leap Forward† is when human history developed about 50,000 years ago. 2. The giant moasRead MoreGuns, Germs, and Steel Essay2859 Words   |  12 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, by Jared Diamond, attempts to explain why history progressed differently for people from various geographical regions. Diamond introduces his book by pointing out that history followed different courses for different people because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among people themselves. Through his convincing explanation for how civilizations were created and evolved throughout the course of historyRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel953 Words   |  4 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel Book Review Why do the origins of every major civilization lead to European conquest and settlement? How did Europe somehow gain the upper hand so early in history? Gun, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies delivers a clear theory as to why the Europeans were able to conquer almost the entire world in less then one millennium. Jared Diamond, an esteemed historian takes readers on a journey through time. He explains that through many different factors andRead MoreNo Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond772 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel Guns Germs and Steel, an American biologist named Jared Diamond is attempting to answer a question from a New Guinean politician named Yali, in July 1972. Yali asked him: (1)â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people hat little cargo of our own?† For over thirty years, Diamond was investigating our inferred history for clues, to answer Yali’s question. He published a scientific opinion that explains how geography is to blameRead MoreThe Book, Germs, Guns, And Steel: The Fates Of Human Societies,1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, Germs, Guns, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, by Jared Diamond, shows how different cultures followed different courses of history. The book also loo ks at how Europe became the superpower it is and how it evolved faster than other cultures at the time. This is because some environments provide more favorable conditions for new societies than other environments. Diamond says there are four main reasons the Europeans rose to power and were able to expand across the globe. The firstRead MoreEuropean Domination of New Worlds1357 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Jared Diamond, a professor at UCLA, sought to answer in his book â€Å"Guns, Germs and Steel†, a fascinating look at why Europeans succeeded in expanding across multiple continents, and why the native populations fared so badly in the face of European exploration. PBS has made Dr. Diamond’s book into a 3-part television series. The first film, â€Å"Out of Eden† explores the â€Å"why† behind his research. In his time studying birds in Papua, New Guinea, a native politician, Yali, asked Dr. Diamond why

SME Product Development for Mobile Phones -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSME Product Development for Mobile Phones and Tablets. Answer: Introduction The customers are now going advanced and using mobile application platforms to be updated. They are using mobile phones; tablets are other mobile devices to gather the necessary information. That is the reason mobile applications are so important in the current market. It must be understood that by the mobile applications, customers are able to have all the information at their fingertips. Along with this, it is crucial to have mobile phones in the workplace to enhance the customer base for the success of the business. no matter what is business is, mobile apps are helpful in getting and retaining more customers as customers go online for searching the product or service. If the business is available online and company has mobile application then business will make good impression among the customers. To get competitive advantage, Company X needs to develop a mobile application for their customers to use. On the basis of some key facts, it is analyzed that people are spending more ti me on the mobile phones. Due to mobile applications, 62% of the population of world can change their mind on any specific brand. If any brand is providing opportunity for the mobile access to the customers then customers will have positive perception for that particular brand. This report provides an understanding of necessary requirements for developing mobile application in the Company X (Baldwin, 2016). Objectives Every project should have a clear objectives and purposes. In this case, Company X has also some specific objectives while developing mobile applications for the business operations. Effective objectives in the project management are specific. Specific objectives for the business improve the chances for specific results. So, objective should be clear and should improve the relations with the customers. There are three basic objectives i.e. functional requirements, structural requirements and resource requirements (Purvis, 2016). Functional requirements- The functional requirement deals with the specification of the product to satisfy the fundamental reasons for the existence. In case of Company X, mobile application can be considered as the product. Developing mobile application is essential for the company to have competitive advantage among the customers. By developing the mobile application, aim of the company is allows the customers to find out the offered products to the customers on the online platforms. The functional requirements deal with the business requirements i.e. attracting more and more customers for the food products. Based on the business requirements of Company X, the functional requirements for the mobile applications are as follows: To check customers requirements and demands, to check the real time market price and to receive the information about the location of the potential customers, To advertise the products and services among the potential customers in the market, To indicate product distribution to the customers based on the requirements and quantity, To display the real time prices of the food products in the market, and To attract the customer base by providing offers and discounts and achieve competitive advantage in the market. Structural requirements- To develop the mobile app for Company X, it is important to have structure of the requirements which is essential in the process. Undoubtedly, mobile app development process is a costly and complex process. There are some steps which are required for developing strong mobile app for the company i.e. analyzing the market, deciding the type of app, forecasting the budget, and execution the mobile app. These all steps are equally important. From the perspective of development and implementation of application, there are some requirements with the structure which must be fulfilled by the developers (Khorkov, 2017). Those steps are described below: Analyze the customers persona and customer journey map, Sketching or wire framing of the app, User interface design, Planning to development, Clickable prototype, Development process, Quality assurance, and Launch, maintenance and support (Ghiciuc, 2017) Resource requirements- In the resource requirements, there are some necessary resources to develop the mobile app for the Company X. There are some general assets which must be required for the app development. Company would need icons of supported size i.e. iOS @1x, @2x images and Android i.e. mdpi, hdpi, xhdpi etc. Further, there would be the need of Splash screens of supported sizes, screenshots in the correct sizes with the required languages. For developing the app, there would be the requirement of app descriptions along with the required languages, search keywords in the required language and list of supported devices and the OS version (Vliet, 2007). In the Google Play store, there would be the need of Google play developer access, store listing name, description of paid or free access, short description, full description, App icon, App type, category, feature graphics, content ratings, contact email, privacy policy and screenshots etc (Dave, 2017). Building mobile application is complex and long process. Apart from investing the money, it includes long-term commitment with the customers. At the research and analysis stage, the mobile application development can take few months. It depends upon the type of app the company wants to build based on analyzing the end-users and its unique value proposition which is mandatory. Conclusion Based on above description, it is observed that mobile applications are now important for every business as companies are able to achieve competitive advantage in the operating markets. Customers are now active on the online platforms to compare one brand from others. Based on the online access, they have perception about specific product and brand. For this manner, Company X, a food products provider is going develop a mobile application so that the company can attract large customer base. It is observed that every project must have clear objectives. In this way, there are three basic objectives for developing the mobile app i.e. functional requirements including basic functions of mobile app, Structural requirements including basic structure of developing and implementation process and Resource requirements including the necessary and required resources to develop he mobile app like Google play developer access, store listing name, description of paid or free access, short descript ion etc. References Baldwin, C. (2016). 14 Reasons Why Your Restaurant Needs a Useful Mobile App. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://buildfire.com/restaurant-mobile-app/ Dave, J. (2017). How to Build a Mobile App Requirements Document. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://clearbridgemobile.com/how-to-build-a-mobile-app-requirements-document/ Gair, G. (2011). The app store landscape is moving toward segmentation and niche stores. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://www.research2guidance.com/the-app-store-landscape-is-moving-towardssegmentation-and-niche-stores/ Ghiciuc, L. (2017). All the Phases of the Mobile and Web Product Development Process. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://www.thinslices.com/phases-mobile-product-development-process/ Khorkov, E. (2017). From Idea To Development: How To Write Mobile Application Requirements That Work. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2017/05/writing-mobile-application-requirements/ Purvis, C. (2016). 6 key mobile app objectives. Retrieved on 11th October 2017 from https://blog.exiconglobal.com/6-key-mobile-app-objectives/ Vliet, H.V. (2007). Software Engineering: Principles and Practice. Singapore: Wiley.

Steppenwolf Essay Example

Steppenwolf Essay That modern audiences still often find Hermann Hesse’s experimental novel â€Å"The Steppenwolf† groundbreaking and unique illuminates the intense individuality with which Hesse pursued the novel’s composition and themes, as well as the apparent longevity of his technical advances in narrative, many of which are as rarely employed today as they were when Hesse originally published Der Steppenwolf in 1927.The novel accomplished an expression of themes hitherto unknown (and thus unsought) in fiction. Hesse’s primary refinements (or modulations) of narrative technique in Steppenwolf are found in his implementation of a unique symbolism, a deeply sophisticated character development, and in novel variations of traditional aspects of narrative techniques, such as foreshadowing, which is transformed in Steppenwolf from a simple plot device to a harbinger of the novel’s deepest and most complex themes.Traditional aspects of narrative play a crucial role in Steppenwolf; however, many of these aspects, even if appearing, prima facie, very much in expected roles, are often quickly stood on their heads during the novel’s development. Hence, the traditional concept of the â€Å"outsider† figures heavily in the rising character development of Harry Haller (the Steppenwolf), which would seemingly signal Hesse’s intention to portray a disaffected individual, pitted against societies injustices: â€Å"it is in the postwar novel that we find distinctive underground protagonists as suchJake Barnes in Hemingway The Sun Also Rises, Harry Haller in HesseDer Steppenwolf , and Bardamu in Journey to the End of the Night. Loveless and rootless, alienated from God, country, and society, they are certainly underground; but their skewed perspective has been colored by the war.†Ã‚   (1335)However, such an assertion is quickly weakened by the developing action of the novel, where a definite, if unspecified, symbolism encroaches u pon the expected notions of the typical novel of alienation. The psychoanalytical writings and theories of Carl Jung provide the most readily available and convincing corresponding material to Steppenwolf; in fact, persuasive and extensive critical inquiry demonstrates quite clearly that Jung’s psychoanalytical theories provided a crucial scaffolding for Steppenwolf. â€Å"Herman Hesse was also influenced by Jungs concepts, particularly in Der Steppenwolf (1927) where he explores the notion of the outsider. (Heaney)For Jung, the â€Å"outsider† indicated not only an objective state: the relation of the individual to society, but also an inner-state of deep seated psychological development where, due to the persistent   complexities and conflicts of the â€Å"divided self,† one experiences oneself as â€Å"outsider.† These divisions within the Self illustrate social repression â€Å"we find a portrait of the human soul or psyche in which the emotions p lay at best an inferior (at worst a devilish) role. It is a portrait that is well summarized in the image of a Steppenwolf, poeticized early in this century by [] Hesse as half human, half beast. The human half gets characterized in terms of rationality, the bestial as irrational, emotional, uncivilized[] The two halves are at war† (Solomon 610)This latter form of alienation: that is, alienation from within stands as the target for Hesse’s narrative arc, which moves from a objective perception of the â€Å"outsider† toward inner, psychological confrontation and illumination. â€Å"The war and its aftermath have turned Harry Haller into an anti-social steppenwolf. Older than either Barnes or Bardamu, he has his roots in the late nineteenth century, particularly German romanticism. Hence, while the war has shattered the Germany of his youth, it has not succeeded in obliterating a latent mysticism in Haller† (1336)Haller’s â€Å"mysticism† prov ides Hesse with an opportunity to invest the traditional role of narrative foreshadowing with an entirely new significance. As Haller moves from embodying and believing himself to be the Steppenwolf toward an integration of his psyche, he experience various moments of epiphany or illumination, each of which foreshadows the novel’s climactic and nearly psychedelic denouement. In fact, it is the thread of epiphanies and luminous experiences which holds the novel’s increasingly fragmented plot together; which brings it into thematic harmony.Against the backdrop if periodic illumination, Hesse posits a complex symbolism   drawn from the psychoanalytical theories and terminologies of Carl Jung. â€Å"Jung proposed that the dreams, fairy stories and religions of different cultures and individuals had common themes. These emerge from archetypes in the collective unconscious. Archetypes are thus seen as universal, symbolic representations of a particular person, object or e xperience.†(Heany). For Hesse this meant investing each of the settings, people and events of Haller’s experience with profound psychological symbolism.All of the dynamics recounted thus far integrate seamlessly into the primary character of Haller   (who is also the Steppenwolf), thus allowing Hesse to construct a character who is also a part of each of the other encountered characters, and vice-versa. As such, the entirety of the novel is in service to character development; outer conflict is subsumed by inner exploration. However, the aim of this inner-exploration is demonstrated to be projected back into the objective world.   Already a repeated metaphor or image is established: that of a mirror or mirrors, where each character in the novel reflects an incomplete (archetypal) reflection f the other; where the Self is posited as the absolute mirror and where literal, magical mirrors bear resolution and deepening of the foreshadowed illumination and the individuat ion of the psyche: â€Å"Hesses use of the motif of a suprahuman phenomenon reflects the concern of many of [his] contemporaries to find some kind of timeless essence to set against the unanchored subjectivity of individual experience[]) Hesses interweaving of these psychological configurations follows the pattern of mirroring, which is the main feature of the symbolism in the novels climactic episode.† (Fickert)During Haller’s journey from the â€Å"divided self† to the â€Å"individuated self† he must first realize that, behind his self-laudatory (if maudlin) appraisal of himself, there hides a dangerous being that â€Å"wants to range solitarily across steppes, to occasionally drink blood or stalk a she-wolf.† This being, in Jungian terms, is called the Shadow and this archetype stands for the repressed, unknown side of any person. Similarly, Hermine, (the feminine form of Hesse’s own first name) represents Jung’s Anima archetype. In Steppenwolf, the anima indicates personal development and integration: leading   Haller from brink of suicide, to life and love. The saxophonist Pablo and the â€Å"immortals† Goethe and Mozart are signals and harbingers of Haller’s individuation process.Equally representative of Jungian psychology is the Treatise On The Steppenwolf, which informs Haller that he himself is made of not merely two dispositions or personalities, but of an infinite number of possible dispositions and orientations. Thus, from the beginning portrayal of an â€Å"outsider† whose conflict lay conveniently outside of his control, Haller must confront the inner bounty and turmoil of his self development and individuation. This, in turn, brings him inside a new reality where he will become again an outsider, but Hesse point, like Jung’s, seems to be that inner alienation invests objective reality with tension and conflict. This phenomenon, as the novel’s foreshadowing vi a ever-increasing epiphanies demonstrates, is carried through by another Jungian concept: synchronicity which defines â€Å"meaningful coincidences,† which in Steppenwolf function as foreshadowing and harbingers of Haller’s ultimate self-integration.Haller’s conflict throughout the novel is to overcome the schism between his culturally reinforced ego and his shadow in the form of the Steppenwolf, to embrace the help of his anima personified by Hermin as well as by Mozart and Pablo, and embrace his true self, which means embracing a multitude of possibilities. These manifold realities and potentials are symbolized with appropriate fanfare in the Magic Theatre at the end of the novel, where Harry finally begins to embrace the inward harmony of his integrated Self.Steppenwolf transformed the traditional elements of storytelling much like Jung’s psychoanalytical theories transformed the nature of psychology and the study and interpretation of myth. It seems e vident that in writing Steppenwolf, Hesse sought a personal catharsis similar to that of Haller. Hesse’s allegiance to Jung’s theories deepens, rather than weakens, as the novel’s complexities are explored. Some critics view the Jungian influence as almost didactic: â€Å"On rereading Steppenwolf I find that this is hardly a novel but rather a psychoanalytical tract (Fickert). In conclusion, it must be remembered that Hesse’s accomplishments in Steppenwolf not only embodied originality oft4echnique and theme, but engendered a rare sense of affirmation and heroicism in the literature of his age: Hesse, in all his endings, says{} that man can be a hundred different things at the same time; that there is no dichotomy between Steppenwolf and the Establishment, or youth and age or good and evil, (Pachter 200) This assertion, like the novel’s myriad technical and thematic originalities, seems as breathtakingly original today as it must have seemed to He sse’s contemporaries.

Free Essays on Diverse Workplace

Its 11:30 in the late morning, it’s almost lunchtime. Usually at this time I call up my co-workers and find out who wants to do lunch. Four guys and myself meet up at a local burger place and shot the breeze, while filling our stomachs with greasy burgers and fries. We all have the same types of jobs and make about the same amount of money. But that’s where the similarities end. The faces in this group couldn’t be more different. One member of this lunch party was born in Mexico, another a black man from Texas, one co-worker’s parents were born in China, one white male of Mormon faith and myself. I never gave it much thought before, but at this one table was an example of the â€Å"melting pot† that symbolizes America. In this paper I will discuss how having such a diverse work force can be valuable and discuss obstacles that can occur because of diversity. When I first think of the advantages of having a diverse workplace, the first thing that comes to mind is conversations that take place during my workday. One of the best things about my job is that I can carry a conversation with someone while working on the systems that I am responsible for. The topics of conversation range from sports to religion, from politics to beer, and from music to the weather. If all my co-workers were Republicans who drink beer while rooting for the Dallas Cowboys and listening to Pearl Jam on warm sunny Sunday afternoons instead of going to church, the talk would get boring after a while. By having people from different cultures and backgrounds surrounding me at work, I am able to spend part of my day learning from this people. The lessons can be on little things such as the way someone’s mother made tortillas and tamales or more serious topics such how one’s parents fled communist rule to come to our country. All this would be impossible i f I worked with people who looked just like me. Being a field service engineer who maintains and repai... Free Essays on Diverse Workplace Free Essays on Diverse Workplace Its 11:30 in the late morning, it’s almost lunchtime. Usually at this time I call up my co-workers and find out who wants to do lunch. Four guys and myself meet up at a local burger place and shot the breeze, while filling our stomachs with greasy burgers and fries. We all have the same types of jobs and make about the same amount of money. But that’s where the similarities end. The faces in this group couldn’t be more different. One member of this lunch party was born in Mexico, another a black man from Texas, one co-worker’s parents were born in China, one white male of Mormon faith and myself. I never gave it much thought before, but at this one table was an example of the â€Å"melting pot† that symbolizes America. In this paper I will discuss how having such a diverse work force can be valuable and discuss obstacles that can occur because of diversity. When I first think of the advantages of having a diverse workplace, the first thing that comes to mind is conversations that take place during my workday. One of the best things about my job is that I can carry a conversation with someone while working on the systems that I am responsible for. The topics of conversation range from sports to religion, from politics to beer, and from music to the weather. If all my co-workers were Republicans who drink beer while rooting for the Dallas Cowboys and listening to Pearl Jam on warm sunny Sunday afternoons instead of going to church, the talk would get boring after a while. By having people from different cultures and backgrounds surrounding me at work, I am able to spend part of my day learning from this people. The lessons can be on little things such as the way someone’s mother made tortillas and tamales or more serious topics such how one’s parents fled communist rule to come to our country. All this would be impossible i f I worked with people who looked just like me. Being a field service engineer who maintains and repai...

Invertebrate Zoology, Research Box Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Invertebrate Zoology, Box - Research Paper Example The fluid was centrifuged to separate liquid portion from the cellular constituents, which include the coelomocytes. The foreign bodies introduced to it were the red blood cells of a rabbit. The effect of some heavy metals, which are a part of industrial waste, was to be studied by Canicatti and Grasso. The three heavy metals used were zinc, mercury and cadmium. It was noted that among these metals, only zinc had an effect on immune response system and it varied considerably with the concentration of zinc. Zinc concentration of 1 mm or higher greatly reduced the breakdown activity. This was true both for the liquid part and the cellular part of the coelomic fluid. In contrast to this, lower zinc concentration led to increased lytic activity. At a concentration of 4 mm of zinc, the agglutination of red blood cells was not affected at all by zinc. Only the lytic activity was being affected at this concentration. The cellular portion always dominates in terms of contributing in the immu ne system when compared to the liquid portion. The contribution of liquid portion increased at a concentration of 0.25 mm zinc, but still remains below that of the cellular portion. The immune system is most responsive at 0.5 mm concentration of zinc. The immune response drastically decreases above 0.5 mm of zinc concentration. Table of Contents Summary of Findings 2 Abstract 4 INTRODUCTION 5 BASIS OF HYPOTHESIS 5 RESEARCH 5 METHODOLOGY 5 DATA COLLECTION 6 ORGANISMS COLLECTION 6 DESIGN 7 FUNDING 7 SIGNIFICANCE & CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 Abstract This paper formulates a hypothesis on how further research regarding the above experiment. Using the same scientific method the paper gives a short brief on how to formulate the project, collect data and organisms along with the design and funding of the project. Furthermore significance of the project along with the initially conclusion has been outlined. Keywords: Hypothesis, design, significance INTRODUCTION The findings of the Canicatti and Grasso (1988) were not conclusive. They left many questions unanswered. It left a big space for further research in this topic. Some of the questions which arise after the findings are: Would the same effects be observed if these tests were conducted on intact animals? Do organic pollutants have a similar effect on immune response system? Among the metals tested, why was zinc the only one which had an effect on the immune response system? Does zinc also have effects on the immune system of other animals? BASIS OF HYPOTHESIS I hypothesize that zinc would have a similar effect on the immune response system of other animals too. My basis of this hypothesis is that the immune system of all animals works in almost similar ways. Foreign bodies entering the territory of the body are attached by cells within the body and broken down, or are encapsulated and destroyed (Shankar & Prasad, 1998). This way their harmful effects are nullified. RESEARCH Before getting involved in the experime ntal procedure, it is important to further research the topic. To get background knowledge of the topic, numerous research articles have to be read related to this topic. From the work already done, it is established that zinc does have an effect on the immune response system of animals (Prasad 2008). Is the effect same for every animal is the question that needs to be answered. METHODOLOGY A research project has to be formulated for this study. The tests can be

Learning Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning Theory - Essay Example ntually, examples of learning theories such as: (1) andragogy which is also known as the theory of adult learning; (2) connectivism which focuses on learning as making connections; and (3) the multi-media learning which focuses on the principles behind the effective use of multimedia in learning will be tackled prior to conclusion. In general, the main purpose of cognitive psychology is to enable psychologists to determine exactly what is going through with a learner’s mind. Cognitivism is actually focused on analyzing the mental processes behind a person’s behavioral changes. (Schuman and Ritchie) Aside from the importance of reinforcement, this type of learning is possible when practicing repetition and contiguity. (Good and Brophy, p. 187) For this reason, providing feedback on mental development of each individual is necessary in order to motivate the learner to undergo the same learning process over and over again. Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) is one of the most influential and famous cognitivism theorists. (Huitt and Hummel) As part of examining the cognitive learning of human beings, he proposed the four stages known as: (1) sensory motor stage – infancy to 2 years old; (2) pre-operational stage (trial and error / intuitive thought) – toddler (3 to 6 years old); (3) concrete operational stage –school age (between 7 to 11 years old); and (4) formal operational stage – adolescence (12 years old and above) (Boeree). Based on these cognitive developmental stages, Piaget suggests that the standard cognitive learning development of each individual increases from infancy stage up to the point that we become adults. Likewise, Piaget also suggests the cognitive learning theory related to â€Å"assimilation and accommodation† (Atherton a). This particular learning theory complements the idea of adaptation. It means that increasing the learners’ awareness from the real world enables the learner to assimilate and accommodate newly learned ideas into

Micro Strip Patch Antenna

Micro Strip Patch Antenna Chapter 1 Introduction The project which we have chosen to do as our final year project for the under graduate program involves the characterization of micro strip patch antenna. In this project we have carried out simulations of different types of antennas, which include dipole, monopole and patch. The purpose of designing all of these is to gain knowledge and experience in the designing of antennas for different purposes by using commercially available CEM. The frequency band, which we have chosen as our relevant band, is the GSM-900 band, which is of wide use in the cellular network. The purpose of choosing this band is to gain valuable knowledge of this frequency band. Antennas are a fundamental part of every system in which wireless or free space is the medium of communication. Basically, an antenna is a transducer and is designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. It is a transducer as it converts radio frequency electrical currents into electromagnetic waves. Common applications of antennas include radio, television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless networks and radar. A detailed study of antennas is discussed in chapter two and chapter three of this report. The CEM softwares that we have used for the designing include XFDTD ® provided by Remcom Inc. and CST Microwave Studio ®, which is a full wave, 3-Dimensional, Electromagnetic simulation software and CST Microwave Studio ®. XFDTD ® utilizes a numerical electromagnetic code for antenna design, that is, the finite difference time domain technique (FDTD). Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is a popular computational electrodynamics modeling technique. The first antenna structure modeled is the dipole. A dipole antenna consists of two conductors on the same axis with a source at the center. It is also modeled in XFDTD ® by following the procedure provided by the software and mentioned in the Appendix. The results are verified by comparing with analytical papers of (lambda/2) dipole. After completing this, the next goal is to model the micro strip (patch) antenna which is one of the main focuses of this project. It comprises of a metallic patch bonded to a dielectric substrate with a metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate forming a ground plane. This metal layer is very thin. Hence, it can be fabricated very easily using printed circuit techniques. Therefore, they are inexpensive to manufacture and are easily integrate able with microwave integrated circuits. The software modeling is carried out in XFDTD ® and on CST Microwave Studio ®. The verification of the results with the experimental results obtained leads to the final phase and the conclusion of the project. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to gain knowledge and experience about computational electromagnetic, as it applies to antenna design. It was also our sole purpose to gain experience in fabrication and experimental characterization of micro strip patch antennas. To achieve these objectives we used two commercially available CEM softwares, XFDTD ® and CST Microwave Studio ®, to design a micro strip patch antenna for 900 MHz. We also gained experimental experience by characterizing the return loss of this patch antenna using the vector network analyzer. 1.2 Project Scope 1.2.1 Description We will study some basic types of antennas; extending basic knowledge of antenna to complex antenna designs such as micro strip patch antennas and also modeled them on antenna design and simulation software. This report has been divided into a number of chapters each discussing a different stage of the project. They are briefly described below: Chapter 2 describes the fundamentals of antennas and thoroughly discusses the theory of fundamental parameters and quantities of antenna. In this chapter the basic concept of an antenna is discussed and its working is explained. Some critical performance parameters of antennas are also discussed. Finally, some common types of antennas are also discussed for understanding purposes. Chapter 3 discusses the important characteristics of antennas as radiators of electromagnetic energy. These characteristics are normally considered in the far field as the antenna pattern or radiation pattern of an antenna is the three-dimensional plot of its radiation at far field. It also discusses the types of antenna patterns in detail. Some important mathematical equations are also solved in this chapter for the better understanding of how an antenna works. Chapter 4 discusses in detail the modeling of the half wave dipole and micro strip patch antenna using XFDTD ®. It describes the modeling of the antenna, the feeding, and the resultant plots obtained. Furthermore it concludes with comparison of the results obtained with the simulations already available in the software. Chapter 5 discusses the theory, calculations involved and the fabrication of the micro strip (patch) antenna in detail. The calculations for the dimensions of the rectangular patch in detail are in this chapter. Also, this chapter describes the results obtained through simulation of the model on the software CST Microwave Studio ®. Chapter 6 discusses conclusions drawn from the whole project. Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals In this chapter, the basic concept of an antenna is discussed and its working is explained. Next, some critical performance parameters of antennas are discussed. Finally, some common types of antennas are introduced. The treatment for these is taken from the reference [4], [6] and [9]. 2.1 Introduction Antenna is a metallic structure designed for radiating and receiving electromagnetic  energy. An antenna acts as a transitional structure between the guiding devices (e.g. waveguide,  transmission line) and the free space. The official IEEE definition of an antenna as given by  Stutzman and Thiele [9] is as follows:   â€Å"That part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves†. 2.2 How an Antenna radiates? In order to understand how an antenna radiates, we have to first know how radiation occurs. A  conducting wire radiates because of time-varying current or an acceleration or deceleration of charge. If there is no motion of charges in a wire, no radiation will occur, since no flow of current occurs. Radiation will not occur even if charges are moving with uniform or constant velocity along a straight wire. Also, charges moving with uniform velocity along a curved or bent wire will produce radiation. If charge is oscillating with time, then radiation will occur even along a straight wire as explained by Balanis [4]. The radiation pattern from an antenna can be further understood by considering a voltage source connected to a two-conductor transmission line. When a sinusoidal voltage source is applied across the transmission line, an electric field is generated which is sinusoidal in nature. The bunching of the electric lines of force can indicate the magnitude of this electric field. The free electrons on the conductors are forcefully displaced by the electric lines of force and the motion of these charges causes the flow of current, which leads to the creation of a magnetic field. Due to time varying electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves are created which travel between the conductors. When these waves approach open space, connecting the open ends of the electric lines forms free space waves. As the sinusoidal source continuously creates electric disturbance, electromagnetic waves are generated continuously and these travel through the transmission line, the antenna and are radiated into the free space. 2.3 Near and Far Field Regions The field patterns of an antenna, change with distance and are associated with two types of energy radiating and reactive energy. Hence, the space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three regions. Figure 2.1: Field regions around an antenna The three regions that are depicted in above figure are described as: 2.3.1 Reactive Near-Field Region: In this region the reactive field dominates. The reactive energy oscillates towards and away from the antenna, thus appearing as reactance. In this region, energy is stored and no energy is dissipated. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance ÃŽ » (2.1) where R1is the distance from antenna surface, D is the largest dimension of the antenna and ÃŽ » is the wavelength. 2.3.2 Radiating Near-Field Region: This region also called Fresnel region lies between the reactive near-field region and the far field region. In this region, the angular field distribution is a function of the distance from the antenna. reactive fields are smaller in this field as compared to the reactive near-field region and the radiation fields dominate. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance (2.2) where R2is the distance from the antenna surface. 2.3.3 Far-Field Region: The region beyond is the far field region also called Fraunhofer region. The angular field distribution is not dependent on the distance from the antenna in this region. In this region, the reactive fields are absent and only the radiation fields exist and the power density varies as the inverse square of the radial distance in this region. 2.4 The Hertzian Dipole A hertzian dipole or infinitesimal dipole, which is a piece of straight wire whose length L and diameter are both very small, compared to one wavelength. A uniform current I is assumed to flow along its length. Although such a current element does not exist in real life, it serves as a building block from which the field of a practical antenna can be calculated (Sadiku [6]). Consider the hertzian dipole shown in figure. We assume that it is located at the origin of a coordinate system and that it carries a uniform current. i.e. I=IË ³ cosωt. The retarded magnetic vector potential at the field point, due to dipole is given by (2.3) Where [I] is the retarded current given by (2.4) Where ÃŽ ²=ω/u=2Ï€/ÃŽ », and u=1/ the current is said to be retarded at point under consideration because there is a propagation time delay r/u or phase delay. By substitution we may also write A in phasor form as t(2.5) Transforming this vector in Cartesian to spherical coordinates yields Where But (2.6) We find the E field using (2.7) (2.8) Where, A close observation of the field equations reveals that we have terms varying as The 1/ term is called the electrostatic field since it corresponds to the field of an electric dipole. This term dominates over other terms in a region very close to the hertzian dipole. The is called the inductive field, and it is predictable from the from the Biot Savart law. The term is important only at near field, that is, at distances close to the current element. The 1/r term is called the far field or radiation field because it is the only term that remains at the far zone, that is, at a point very far from the current element. Here, we are mainly concerned with the far field or radiation zone (ÃŽ ²r˃˃1), where the terms in can be neglected in favor of the 1/r term. Thus at far field, (2.9) The radiation terms of and are in time phase and orthogonal just as the fields of a uniform plane wave. The near and far zone fields are determined respectively to be the in equalities We define the boundary between the near and far zones by the value of r given by . where d is the largest dimension of the antenna. The time average power density is obtained as ) (2.10) Substitution yields time average radiated power as But And hence above equation becomes If free space is the medium of propagation, ÃŽ ·=120 and (2.11) This power is equivalent to the power dissipated in a fictitious resistance by current That is, (2.12) Where is the root mean square value of I. From above equations we obtain Or (2.13) The resistance is a characteristic property of the hertzian dipole antenna and is called its radiation resistance. We observe that it requires antennas with large radiation resistances to deliver large amounts of power to space. The above equation for is for a hertzian dipole in free space. 2.5 Half Wave Dipole Antenna The Half Wave dipole is named after the fact that its length is half of the wavelength i.e. . It is excited through a thin wire fed at the midpoint by a voltage source connected to the antenna via a transmission line. The radiated electromagnetic field due to a dipole can be obtained if we consider it as a chain of hertzian dipoles (Sadiku [6]). ÃŽ »/2 I z x y I Figure 2.3: Half Wave Dipole The magnetic Vector potential P due to length dl of the dipole carrying a phasor current is (2.14) We have assumed a sinusoidal current distribution because the current must vanish at the ends of the dipole. Also note that the actual current distribution on an antenna is not precisely known. It can be determined by using Maxwells equations subject to the boundary conditions on the antenna by a mathematically complex procedure. The sinusoidal current assumption approximates the distribution obtained by solving the boundary value problem and is commonly used. O Y X Z Figure 2.4. Magnetic field at point o If r >> à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬Å", then Hence we can substitute in the denominator of the first equation where the magnitude of the distance is needed. In the numerator for the phase term, the difference between ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ² is significant, so we will replace by . We maintain the cosine term in the exponent while neglecting it in the denominator because the exponent involves the phase constant while the denominator does not. So, (2.15) Using the following integrating equation, Applying this equation gives on (2.15) Since and the above equation becomes, Using identity = 2cos x, we obtain (2.16) We use in conjunction with the fact that to obtain electric and magnetic fields at far zone as (2.17) The radiation term of and are in time phase and orthogonal. We can obtain the time-average power density as (2.18) The time average radiated power can be determined as In the previous equations has been substituted assuming free space as the medium of propagation. The last equation can be written as Changing the variables, and using partial fractions reduces the above equation to Replacing with in the first integrand with in the second results in (2.19) Solving the previous equation of yields value of . The radiation resistance for the half wave dipole antenna is readily obtained from the following equation and comes out to be. (2.20) Chapter 3 Antenna Characteristics In the previous chapter we have discussed the basics of antennas and the elementary types of antennas. Now we will discuss the important characteristics of antennas as radiators of electromagnetic energy. These characteristics are normally considered in the far field and are as follows. And have been treated from the references [4], [6] and [9]. 3.1 Antenna Patterns The Antenna Pattern or Radiation Pattern of an antenna is the three-dimensional plot of its radiation at far field. There are two types of Radiation Patterns of antennas. The Field and the Power Pattern. 3.1.1 Field Pattern When the amplitude of the E-field is plotted, it is called the Field Pattern or the Voltage Pattern. A three dimensional plot of an antenna pattern is avoided by plotting separately the normalized versus for a constant which is called an E-Plane pattern or vertical pattern and the normalized versus for called the H-plane pattern or horizontal pattern. The normalization of is with respect to the maximum value of the so that the maximum value of the normalized is unity as explained by Sadiku [6]. For Example, for the hertzian Dipole, the normalized comes out to be, (3.1) Which is independent of From this equation we can obtain the E-plane pattern as the polar pattern of by varying from 0 to 180 degrees. This plot will be symmetric about the z-axis. For the H-plane pattern we set so that , which is a circle of radius 1. 3.1.2 Power Pattern When the square of the amplitude of E is plotted, it is called the power pattern. A plot of the time-average power, for a fixed distance r is the power pattern of the antenna. It is obtained by plotting separately versus for constant and versus for constant. The normalized power pattern for the hertzian dipole is obtained from the equation. (3.2) 3.2 Radiation Intensity The Radiation intensity of an antenna is defined as (3.3) Using the above equation, the total average power radiated can be expressed as (3.4) (3.5) Where dÃŽ ©= is the differential solid angle in steradian (sr). The radiation intensity is measured in watts per steradian (W/sr). The average value of is the total radiated power divided by ; that is, (3.6) 3.3 Directive Gain The directive gain of an antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction It can also be regarded as the ability of the antenna to direct radiated power in a given direction. It is usually obtained as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the average radiation intensity, that is (3.7) may also be expressed in terms of directive gain as (3.8) The directive gain depends on antenna pattern. For the hertzian dipole as well as for the half wave dipole is maximum at and minimum at . Hence they radiate power in a direction broadside to their length. For an isotropic antenna, . However, such an antenna is not in reality but an ideality. The directivity D of an antenna is the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity to the average radiation intensity. D is also the maximum directive gain So, (3.9) Or, (3.10) For an isotropic antenna, D=1, which is the smallest value that D can have. For the hertzian dipole, as derived in equation (3.7) For half wave dipole, Where, ÃŽ ·=120 and (3.11) 3.4 Bandwidth (Impedance Bandwidth) By definition Bandwidth of an antenna is the difference between the highest and the lowest operational frequency of the antenna. Mathematically, (3.12) If this ratio is 10 to 1, then the antenna I classified as a broadband antenna. Another definition for Bandwidth is: Where, . 3.5 Gain We define that G is the actual gain in power over an ideal isotropic radiator when both are fed with same power. The reference for gain is the input power, not the radiated power. This efficiency is defined as the ratio of the radiated power () to the input power (). The input power is transformed into radiated power and surface wave power while a small portion is dissipated due to conductor and dielectric losses of the materials used. The power gain of the antenna as (3.13) The ratio of the power gain in any specified direction to the directive gain in that direction is referred to as the radiation efficiency of the antenna i.e. (3.14) Antenna gain can also be specified using the total efficiency instead of the radiation efficiency only. This total efficiency is a combination of the radiation efficiency and efficiency linked to the impedance matching of the antenna. Hence, from equation 3.14 (3.14(a)) 3.6 Polarization The definition for polarization can be quoted from Balanis [4] as: â€Å"Polarization of a radiated wave can be expressed as â€Å"that property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time-varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric field vector; specifically, the figure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a fixed location in space, and in the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the direction of propagation.† Polarization then is the curve traced by the end point of the arrow representing the instantaneous electric field. The field must be observed along the direction of propagation.† 3.7 Return Loss The Return Loss (RL) is the parameter which indicates the amount of power that is lost to or consumed by the load and is not reflected back as waves are reflected which leads to the formation of standing waves. This occurs when the transmitter and antenna impedance do not match. Hence, the RL is a parameter to indicate how well the matching between the transmitter and antenna has taken place. The RL is given as: (3.15) For perfect matching between the antenna and transmitter, RL = ∞ and Γ = 0 which means no power is being reflected back, whereas a Γ = 1 has a RL = 0 dB, which implies that all incident power is reflected. For practical applications a RL of -9.54 dB is acceptable. Chapter 4 Modeling of Half-Wave Dipole Micro Strip Patch Antenna Using XFDTD ® 4.1 Introduction For the purpose of modeling and simulation of antennas we have used modeling softwares, which are widely used in industries. These softwares are specially used for the purpose of electromagnetic (EM) modeling, which refers to the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment. The first such software brought into use is XFDTD ®. It is a three-dimensional full wave electromagnetic solver based on the finite difference time domain method. It is fully three-dimensional.   Complex CAD ® objects can be imported into XFDTD ® and combining and editing can be done within XFDTD ® using the internal graphical editor. It is a powerful software which offers a lot of options to its users. This software has been initially used for modeling of basic antennas to get familiarity with interface and working of the software. Dipole is one of such basic antennas with a simple structure; as the name suggests dipole antenna consists of two wires on the same axis with a source applied at the center point. In this chapter, we begin with the analysis of a half-wave dipole antenna by derivation of field equations and the MATLAB ® plot. After the analysis the modeling is done using XFDTD ®. Finally, all the results are matched by plotting the data in MATLAB ®. 4.2 Derivation of Vector Magnetic Potential We begin with the derivation done in chapter 2 for of the radiated fields for a half-wave dipole antenna in equation 3.11 which gives us the following expression for (4.11) 4.2.1 MATLAB ® Plots of Half Wave Dipole Antenna The expression can be plotted in MATLAB ® using the following code clear all; theta = [0:360]*pi/180; F = cos((pi/2)*cos(theta))./(0.0000001 + sin(theta)); Pn = F./max(F); Pn=abs(Pn); title (POLAR PLOT OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE ) polar(0,1); hold on; polar (theta,Pn,r); The MATLAB ® generated plot of normalized electric field for half-wave dipole for above code is as follows Figure 4.1: MATLAB ® plot for Normalized Electric Field 4.3 Modeling of Half Wave Dipole Using XFDTD ® 4.3.1 Introduction XFDTD ® is a full wave, 3D, Electromagnetic Analysis Software. XFDTD ® used solid, dimension based modeling to create geometries. To create geometry, library objects and editing functions may be used. Modeling of half-wave dipole antenna was carried out in XFDTD ® to test the softwares capability of generating far field radiation pattern. And also to get in depth knowledge of XFDTD ® before using it for the modeling of patch antennas, which is the foremost objective of this project. 4.3.2 Validity of Model As in the previous section the electromagnetic theory of half-wave dipole was studied and its mathematical equations for normalized radiated field was derived and plotted. This plot will be our reference plot while doing the modeling of half-wave dipole. 4.3.3 Modeling of Half Wave Dipole As we know the length of a half-wave dipole antenna should be half the wavelength of the operating carrier wave frequency. Thus the dipole modeled in XFDTD ® has the following specifications: Length of 30cm Frequency used 1 GHz Thin wire was used to create the dipole Source was attached in the middle Figure below shows the geometry of dipole being modeled in XFDTD ®. Figure 4.2: XFDTD ® geometry of Half-Wave Dipole 4.3.4 Results The far fields of dipole antenna were calculated by XFDTD ® and plots were obtained for far field versus both Phi and Theta, as shown in Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4. The results matched with the theoretically established results. Figure 4.3: Far Field vs. Theta Figure 4.4: Far Field vs. Phi 4.3.5 Plotting XFDTD ® Results in MATLAB ® The data for far fields from XFDTD ® was exported and matched with the theoretical results in MATLAB ® for the purpose of confirming the results. Help was taken from the XFDTD ® reference manual to learn how to export far field data. The XFDTD ® file was copied and the extension was changed to ‘.dat and name was changed to ‘XFTDT.dat Next this file was read by MATLAB ® using the MATLAB ® code provided [angle1, a1, c1, d1, e1] = textread(XFDTD.dat,%f %f %f %f %f, 361); angle1=angle1*pi/180; q=find(c1 c1(q)=-9; c1=c1+9; m=max(c1); c1=c1./m; polar(angle1,c1,g) The MATLAB ® result is shown n figure below. Figure 4.8: XFDTD ® radiation pattern in MATLAB ® The experimentally produced curve qualitatively matches with our theoretical calculations. The shape of the curve is similar to the theoretical description, whereas the scale is different. For the purpose of confirming this result, the data of this curve is also exported into MATLAB ® to be compared with previously simulated results. 4.4 Modeling of Micro Strip Patch Antenna Using XFDTD ® 4.4.1 Introduction After gaining confidence on the design of dipole antenna by comparing its results with the simulations and the results obtained from MATLAB ®, we use the same computational software for the modeling of micro strip patch antenna. 4.4.2 Validity of Model For the modeling of micro strip patch antenna, a paper of IEEE â€Å"Application of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Time Domain Method of the Analysis of Planar Micro strip Circuits† is reproduced. This paper is used as a reference so that the results could be compared in order to check the validity. The result of our exercise confirms the results of the IEEE paper; this takes us to design a micro strip antenna of our desired parameters. This training will help us gain the expertise over the computational software, which can be used for the modeling of multiple different antennas. 4.4.3 Modeling of Micro Strip Patch Antenna The antenna is designed for the frequency range from 0 GHz (dc) to 20 GHz. The dimensions used for the antenna centers it at 7.8 GHz. Although its results at the higher frequencies are also examined for the accuracy, the parameters for the antenna are given below: Duroid substrate is used with =2.2 Thickness is 1/32 inch=0.794mm Length = 12.45mm Width = 16mm Transmission line feed is used and is placed at 2.09mm away from the left corner. With these specifications the center frequency comes out to be 7.8 GHz and this can be verified from the link www.emtalk.com/mpaclac.php Figure 4.5 shows the geometry of micro strip patch modeled in XFDTD ®. Figure 4.5 Geometry of the micro strip patch antenna 4.4.4 Results The S11 plot of micro strip patch antenna was calculated by XFDTD ®, as shown in Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 is the plot of the IEEE paper. This gives us the comparison between the two. Figure 4.6 obtained from the XFDTD ® Figure 4.7: Results of S11 parameters from published IEEE Papers Chapter 5 Micro Strip Antennas 5.1 Introduction These days there are many commercial applications, such as mobile radio and wireless communication, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profiles are constraints and low profile antennas may be required. To meet these requirements micro strip antennas can be used. These are low profile antennas and are conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces. These are simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed circuit technology. They are also mechanically robust and can be mounted on rigid surfaces. In addition, micro strip antennas are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance as explained by Balanis [4]. 5.1.1 Basic Characteristics Micro strip antennas consist of a very thin metallic strip or patch placed a small fraction of a wavelength above a ground plane. The micro strip patch is designed so its pattern maximum is normal to the patch hence making it a broadside radiator. This is accomplished by properly choosing the mode or field configuration of excitation beneath the patch. End-fire radiation can also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch, the length L of the element is usually . The conducting micro strip or patch and the ground plane are separated by the substrate (Balanis [4]). There are numerous substrates that can be used for the design of micro strip antennas and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of . The substrate that we are using in our designs has a value of 4.6. Often micro strip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating elements and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. The radiating patch may be square, rectangular, thin strip, circular, elliptical, triangular or any other configuration. Arrays of micro strip elements with single or multiple feeds are used to achieve greater directivities. 5.1.2 Feeding Methods There are numerous methods that can be used to feed micro strip antennas. The four most common and popular are the micro strip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling and proximity coupling. In our designs we have selected coaxial probe as our method of feeding the Micro strip antenna. Following is a brief explanation of coaxial feeding as explained by Balanis [4]. Coaxial-line feeds, where the inner conductor of the coax is attached to the radiation patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane are widely used. The coaxial probe feed is also easy to fabricate and match, and it has low spurious radiation. However is has narrow bandwidth and it is more difficult to model. 5.2 Rectangular Patch The rectangular patch is one of the most widely used configurations of Micro strip antennas. It is very easy to analyze using either the transmission line model or the cavity model, which have higher accuracy for thin substrates as explained by Balanis [4]. In our desig

Contracting Essay examples -- essays research papers

Entering and contracting Entering and contracting are the initial steps taken in the OD process, and is considered by many as one the most important steps of the process. The entering and contracting step will be utilized to set the pace and lay the foundation for the practitioner client relationship. They involve a preliminary evaluation of the organization’s opportunities for development, while establishing a collaborative relationship between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system. A major component of entering and contracting is to make a good decision about how to carry out the OD process. The contract allows the parties involved to explicitly set the direction of the project and how the process will take place. The OD contract will generally address three key areas: setting mutual expectation or what each party expects to gain from the OD process; the time and resources that will be devoted to it; and the ground rules for working together and the stating of what are the proper roles of all the parties involved including the practitioner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this process, a mutual agreement is established between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system in how the OD consultant will work on the problems within the organization. Hence, during entering and contracting, the organization’s problems and opportunities for growth and improvement are discussed between these two parties. During this process, the limitations are set on how the consultant can execute the different phases of the OD process. The entering and contracting step is extremely significant because it constitutes the initial activities of the OD process. It sets the parameters for the phases of planned changed that follow: diagnosing, planning and implementing change and evaluating and institutionalizing it. Developing the OD contract focuses on making sound decisions that establish the groundwork for the future success of the project. Data collection Data Collection is the process of collecting information that will be utilized in the diagnostic process and eventually used to make business recommendation. In this data collection process, it is critical to ensure the highest quality of data possible. In the data collection component, the information is gathered on the specific department or organization such as inputs, design components, an... ....m. instead of 5.00 p.m.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Output went up  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They were dismissed at 4.00 p.m.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Output remained the same  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, all the improvements were taken away, and the girls went back to the physical conditions of the beginning of the experiment: work on Saturday, 48 hour week, no rest pauses, no piece work and no free meal. This state of affairs lasted for a period of 12 weeks.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Output was the highest ever recorded averaging 3000 relays a week. What happened was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to co-operation in the experiment. The consequence was that they felt themselves to be participating freely and without afterthought and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion from above or limitation from below. They were themselves satisfied at the consequence for they felt that they were working under less pressure than ever before. In fact regular medical checks showed no signs of cumulative fatigue and absence from work declined by 80 per cent.

Chapter 5 Martin Outline

Chapter 5 Martin Walker – The Cold War Pages 112-135 Spies in the Skies: Sputnik to U-2 1. Link between Hungarian crackdown and Soviet relations with Poland and Yugoslavia: 2. Examples of Soviet economic boom of the 50’s and 60’s 3. U. S. Reactions to Sputnik’s launch 4. Gaither Report a. Its findings b. Its recommendations c. Eisenhower’s reactions 5. National Defense Act of 1958 and its results 6. Anglo-American relations warm sults tSoviet relations with Poland and Yugoslaviaand ensuing agreements 7. French intransigence following the Suez humiliation 8. De Gaulle . Algeria and the 4th Republic e. Meeting with General Norstad f. Consequences g. ICBM worries 9. Dulles, Adenauer and France 10. French and British begin divesting their countries of empires 11. Iraq presents a problem in 1958 and how the U. S. and British dealt with it 12. British hardballing in the Middle East 13. Roots of the growing British-French mistrust 14. Coup against Khrushch ev and the aftermath 15. China h. Growing discontent with Russia i. Mao’s West vs. East wind speech j. Mao’s Nuclear war stance k. Hundred Flowers Campaign l. Great Leap Forward m.Soviet response to Chinese appeal for nuclear aid against the U. S. 16. Examples of brinkmanship by both the Soviet and the U. S. 17. Why the need to display brinkmanship 18. Maintaining a nuclear balance and the unpredictable weights 19. Berlin n. Khrushchev’s proposal o. Why the U. S. found it difficult to agree to p. Khrushchev – Adenauer meeting 20. U-2 planes and their capabilities 21. Sino-Soviet split as reason for Soviet intransigence following the Paris Summit 22. Khrushchev, Soviet conventional armed forces, and the Strategic Rocket Forces 23. Cuba, sugar, and the Soviets

These Quotas Made It Very Clear On Who Was And Was Not

These quotas made it very clear on who was and was not wanted in the United States. Certain countries had a quota number that was much lower than others. That difference in number was a game changer in how easy or how hard it was for distinct immigrants to come over. The 1920s exposed many fears for Americans already settled in the United States. Some people felt threatened by other religious groups, â€Å"Booker T. Washington, also wanted restrictions because they saw the new comers as added competitions for jobs† and there was obviously lingering bias that still existed in the country. All realms of society had worries that overflowed the government with the obligation to protect against those fears. The quotas allowed for those†¦show more content†¦The passage of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act helped to establish the possibility of illegal immigration within the Western Hemisphere, most notably for Mexicans traveling to the United States. The relationship between Mexic an migrants and the United States had been relatively untouched throughout the restrictionist movement, until 1965. With the Hart-Celler Act, â€Å"Congress coupled their erosion with new restrictive measures, a new ceiling on Western Hemisphere immigration and a labor certification requirement.† The quotas that were set in place, set Latin American nations at the same number of immigrants coming from all around the world. For countries such as Mexico, this number was not equipped to deal with the constant flow of immigrants who came to the United States. However, law was not necessarily a deterrent in this matter. The legal process of crossing the border from Mexico to the United States became far too difficult for the multitude of immigrants who wanted to do so. It can be inferred that this led many immigrants to choose illegal measures in the hopes of creating a better life in the United States, rather than stay in Mexico to continue their lives there. 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